Next normal for business post pandemics: COVID-19

The world's supply chains are changing as both expected and unexpected environmental pandemics occur. Even though some may be expected, the full extent and ramifications a pandemic will have is an estimate at best. Thus, both flexibility and resiliency are becoming crucial to efficient supply chain systems. This study analyses the recent COVID-19 phenomenon and uses it to gauge reactions, best practices, resilience-based issues and operational performance metrics in order to assist with potential future pandemics. Education, as seen, plays a pivotal role in effectively offering options to combat uncertainty and fluid situations. Such dynamic environments have historically posed a serious problem to operations;however, with proper preparation and care taken options are available today that help marginalize harm of future pandemics.

Measuring optimal psychological conditions for teaching and learning in post-COVID-19 education

The sudden outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and the declaration of a pandemic caused many rapid changes to educational systems around the world in March 2020. Many issues were encountered during the transition from on-campus to online teaching and learning approaches. With educators and policymakers focusing on how best to provide quality education and scrambling to ensure that appropriate technology and teacher training were in place, mental health issues became increasingly prevalent. Positive education approaches that build on existing strengths are essential to ensure both student and teacher well-being. The Positive Workplace Framework (PWF) is an example of how a strength-based approach can improve well-being in schools. By implementing practices related to one's basic mental fitness needs and promoting team resiliency assets, schools can create optimal conditions that allow everyone to thrive and be at their best. The Mental Fitness and Resiliency Inventory (MFRI) is a validated questionnaire that provides a snapshot of a school's well-being practices, as well as a profile from which to structure plans for enhancing collective well-being among staff and students. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021. All rights reserved.

How Central Ugandan HIV Clinics Adapted During COVID-19 Lockdown Restrictions to Promote Continuous Access to Care: A Qualitative Analysis.

We used qualitative data from the Partners PrEP Program (PPP) to address the question: How did Central Ugandan HIV clinics adapt to COVID-19 lockdown restrictions to promote continuous access to HIV care? PPP was a stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial of integrated PrEP and ART delivery for HIV serodifferent couples at Central Ugandan HIV clinics (NCT03586128). Individual interviews with purposefully selected PPP couples (N = 42) and clinicians, coordinators, and counselors providing HIV care (N = 36) were carried out. Sixty-four interviews were completed after lockdown and included questions about accessing and providing ART/PrEP refills during lockdown restrictions. We used an inductive, content-focused approach to analyze these interview data. Barriers to continuous access identified by interviewees included loss of income with increased cost of transport, reduced staff at clinics, and physical distancing at clinics. Interviewees pointed to multi-month refills, visits to clinics "close to home," transport to clinics for providers, and delivery of refills in neighborhoods as factors promoting continuous access to antiretroviral medications. Access barriers appeared somewhat different for ART and PrEP. Fewer resources for community delivery and pre-refill HIV testing requirements were identified as PrEP-specific access challenges. Participants emphasized their success in continuing ART/PrEP adherence during the lockdown, while providers emphasized missed refill visits. These results highlight the contributions of providers and ART/PrEP users to adaptation of HIV services during COVID-19 lockdown restrictions in Uganda. The roles of direct care providers and service users as drivers of adaptation should be recognized in future efforts to conceptualize and investigate health system resiliency.

On modelling student's resilience in learning statistics at a distance

Learning statistics online during the COVID-19 pandemic became a challenging experience for most students in higher institutions. This study aimed to measure the students' level of resilience and determine its influencing factors in distance learning during the pandemic. Data from an availability sampling of 129 engineering students were gathered with the aid of a Google form survey. The study used some descriptive measures and employed a regression modeling approach to extract detailed information from the survey data. Results showed that, on average, students were considered "resilient" in learning statistics during the pandemic. Statistical models revealed that sex, number of family members, household assets, and level of how conducive learning at home are significant predictors of students' resilience. Additionally, the model showed that male students are more resilient compared to female students. Lastly, more family members and household assets can increase students' resilience level as well as a comfortable place (at home) for learning. Hence, the study suggests that teachers must strengthen the interest of students especially female students by showing them a good attitude that promotes well-being. Furthermore, teachers must regularly monitor their learning progress, and provide comfortable and reasonable learning activities suitable for distance learning.

Strategies to develop a sustainable and resilient vaccine supply chain in the context of a developing economy

Developing a vaccine supply chain (VSC) is an intricate process due to product perishability issues and cross-border supply complexities. On top of that, developing a pandemic-driven VSC is more challenging due to having significant operational, infrastructural, and policy-related disruptions. From the perspective of a developing economy such as Bangladesh, handling the global COVID-19 pandemic through the proper establishment of a VSC has been disrupted by a multitude of organizational, economic, and policy barriers. This has hindered the process of establishing a resilient VSC let alone ensuring the sustainability of the supply chain (SC). Therefore, this study strives to identify the key VSC strategies and their interrelationships under four groups: Intra-organizational, Inter-organizational, Legislative, and Environmental, based on previous literature and the expert opinions of industrial practitioners and policymakers. 20 strategies are ranked, and their causal relationships are discussed using the fuzzy DEMATEL method. This study utilizes the fuzzy set theory to deal with the vagueness of human beings' perceptions, and the DEMATEL method to form a structural model to find out the cause (influencing and independent) and effect (influenced and dependent) relationships among different strategies. The outcome of this study shows that ‘developing local production facilities for vaccines', ‘creating extensive governmental policy to ensure efficient distribution of vaccines', ‘ensuring sustainable investment in vaccine manufacturing and distribution', ‘integrating advanced data analytics for robust and resilient demand prediction' and ‘promoting public-private-people partnership for sustainable investment' are the most prominent strategies. The findings provide stakeholders and policymakers with a practical framework for developing a sustainable VSC prepared for any virus outbreak, such as COVID-19, while also achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

"Solidarity and community on our terms and through our lens": Community care and shared trauma for transgender and nonbinary peer supporters during the COVID-19 pandemic

Community support is an essential resource for psychological wellbeing among transgender and nonbinary communities. As the COVID-19 pandemic draws on, the role of community support in managing mental health concerns and the effects of structural inequity becomes increasingly important, yet few studies have focused on this dynamic. The present study examined how six transgender and nonbinary peer supporters understood the COVID-19 pandemic as a unique community crisis through their roles as helping professionals from a reflexive, thematic qualitative approach. The analysis resulted in 4 themes with 13 subthemes: (a) COVID pandemic as a trans-specific crisis;(b) shared membership;(c) healing role of community care;and (d) long-term impacts. Results show how transgender and nonbinary peer supporters undergo complex processes of vicarious traumatization and posttraumatic growth while engaging in peer support with community members, as well as how the COVID-19 pandemic has evolved as a crisis with unique implications for transgender and nonbinary groups. Findings provide evidence for the need to consider how post-traumatic sequelae develop in response to oppressive experiences, particularly that of gendered-racial marginalization within transgender and nonbinary communities of color, and how post-traumatic processes (i.e., responses to vicarious traumatization, post-traumatic growth) evolve among transgender and nonbinary communities. Implications on how to respond to community care and trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic within trans and nonbinary communities are provided: advocating for additional resources;building awareness around trauma processes;attending to clinical issues stemming from intersectional oppression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved) Impact Statement This study suggests that transgender and nonbinary individuals who provide emotional support for community members undergo processes of vicarious traumatization and post-traumatic growth. Additionally, the results highlight how the COVID-19 pandemic has evolved as a crisis with unique implications for transgender and nonbinary groups. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Challenges and Solution Pathways in Water Use Through the Lens of COVID-19

Water withdrawal for public/private suppliers and public services (defined as public water use) and for irrigation (defined as irrigation water use) are essential components of agricultural water management as well as of the planning and management of domestic, commercial, and municipal water supplies. A significant fraction of the public and irrigation water use is consumptive (defined as the part of water withdrawn that is consumed) in nature, and it is primarily freshwater. Global climate change and variability have substantially impacted the large-scale drivers of freshwater resources across the globe, which include, for example, precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and hydrologic extremes. Global environmental change has also influenced several local-scale freshwater availability drivers, such as water quality, municipal policies, and water taxation. Overall, the changes in freshwater resources have potentially stressed irrigation and public water use. Population growth has altered the supply–demand fronts of water balance, resulting in increased water supply stresses. Researchers have considered several soft-and hard-path solutions to augment the deficit in the supply–demand fronts;however, each solution has its own pros and cons. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the already existing critical issues related to sustainable future water use. New challenges have emerged, requiring both short-and long-term solutions. Hence, it is essential to understand the current public and irrigation water use changes resulting from the pandemic. An appropriate estimate of the future changes in water use would help develop/upgrade new/current water resource systems that can mitigate risks and show increased resiliency against global climate and environmental changes and unprecedented events like the COVID-19 pandemic. In this opinion chapter, we discuss some examples of the regional/local changes in water use during the ongoing pandemic and our increased preparedness or the lack of it. Additionally, the chapter focuses on the future risks and resilience of water resource systems to meet the future demands of water use as well as to face unprecedented events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer 2022.

Exploring mental health challenges and coping strategies in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study in Dhaka city, Bangladesh.

Background: Mental health challenges have emerged worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic. University students experienced changes in their lifestyles, academic life, family relationships, earning capacity, and support systems. This study explores the common mental health challenges in university students and their coping strategies using social support in the first wave of lockdowns in Dhaka city in 2020. By learning from young people's impacts and coping responses, we can help build an improved strategy for future events of this magnitude. Methods: A qualitative study design was employed to conduct 20 in-depth interviews and two focus group discussions with students from purposively selected three public and three private universities in Dhaka city and five key informant interviews with different stakeholders. We used inductive reflexive thematic analysis and applied six phases of the thematic analysis. Codes retrieved from two differently prepared codebooks were merged and compared to identify themes for a fair interpretation of the underlying data. Data were manually indexed, summarized, and interpreted to categorize codes into sub-themes leading to themes. Results: Financial constraints, academic pressure, learning resources shortages, losing confidence, relationship breakup, excessive internet dependency, and traumatic experiences challenged the mental health conditions of the students unevenly across universities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Expressed mental health well-being impacts ranged from anxiety, stress, and depression to self-harm and suicidal ideation. Family bonding and social networking appeared as robust social support mechanisms to allow students to cope with anxiety, stress, and depression. Partial financial subsidies, soft loans to purchase electronic resources, faculty members' counseling, and sessional health counseling contributed to minimizing the mental health impacts of COVID-19. Conclusion: Mental health is still not a resourced area of health and well-being in Bangladesh. Concentration on developing strong social support and improving increased financial subsidies, including learning resources, can be effective in assisting students in coping with the common mental health burdens during pandemic periods. A national intervention plan should be immediately designed and implemented by engaging different stakeholders including healthcare professionals and establishing effective mental healthcare support centers at universities to avoid immediate and prolonged negative mental health impacts.

Public health nursing perspectives on resiliency during COVID-19

Public health nurses are leaving the workforce, and few studies exist that examine resiliency perspectives among this specialty, community-focused population of frontline nurses. The COVID-19 pandemic created an unprecedented era in public health worldwide. The researcher used a quantitative research design to explore public health nursing viewpoints on resiliency during the pandemic. The quantitative approach aids in understanding the complexities of nursing resilience and needs during the pandemic, implications for the development of supportive interventions, and public health policies for future programming. This study is significant in that it gives a platform to public health nurses on the frontline who have been overshadowed in previous studies. The study utilized an online Survey Monkey evaluation tool which included: the Mindful Self-Care Scale (33-Item), the Resilience Scale (14-Item), and a researcher-designed questionnaire (22-Item). Findings from the study include a positive correlation identified between public health nurse self-care practices and resilience, specifically self compassion and purpose. Age was the only demographic variable significant in relation to job satisfaction, specifically age group 31-45 years of age. A positive correlation was identified between Job Satisfaction and QOL Home and Work. Resiliency could not predict or explain public health nurse job satisfaction and/or risk for attrition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

COVID-19 and continuity planning: One university's perspective

In 2018, New York University shifted from conventional continuity of operations planning to what the team has dubbed ‘continuity for action'. Prior to 2018, business continuity efforts at the university were decentralised. Now, however, the university uses a relational database that allows data to be accessed quickly to meet the needs of an emergency. The migration of plans into this database has taken time, but the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the utility of the approach. This paper describes the university's adoption of the ‘continuity for action' approach and offers insights into how business continuity planning data plays a critical role in speeding an organisation from response into recovery. © Henry Stewart Publications, 1749–9216.

Students' mental health issues in Europe and other countries

This chapter describes and analyzes how different countries dealt with children and youth with mental health issues before and during the COVID-19 pandemic beginning in March 2020. The pandemic and measures worldwide to control the spread of the virus COVID-19, such as lockdowns, closures of schools and preschools, social distancing rules, restrictions of movement, contact limits, and quarantine, changed the daily life of millions of people, especially children and youth. The countries include: Germany, Greece, Portugal, Tanzania/Vietnam, and the Netherlands. The chapter also analyzes how fear of infection and death, high uncertainty, and the containment measures that were implemented on affected children and youth with mental health issues. Students with disabilities and students from disadvantaged backgrounds were particularly affected by school closures. Mental health systems in the various countries coped in different ways, also depending on how they operated before the pandemic. Developing prevention programs, building resiliency, peer support, online support measures, and raising awareness of mental health all seem to be useful strategies to address mental health problems in children and youth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Resilient and social health service network design to reduce the effect of COVID-19 outbreak.

With the severe outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), researchers are motivated to develop efficient methods to face related issues. The present study aims to design a resilient health system to offer medical services to COVID-19 patients and prevent further disease outbreaks by social distancing, resiliency, cost, and commuting distance as decisive factors. It incorporated three novel resiliency measures (i.e., health facility criticality, patient dissatisfaction level, and dispersion of suspicious people) to promote the designed health network against potential infectious disease threats. Also, it introduced a novel hybrid uncertainty programming to resolve a mixed degree of the inherent uncertainty in the multi-objective problem, and it adopted an interactive fuzzy approach to address it. The actual data obtained from a case study in Tehran province in Iran proved the strong performance of the presented model. The findings show that the optimum use of medical centers' potential and the corresponding decisions result in a more resilient health system and cost reduction. A further outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic is also prevented by shortening the commuting distance for patients and avoiding the increasing congestion in the medical centers. Also, the managerial insights show that establishing and evenly distributing camps and quarantine stations within the community and designing an efficient network for patients with different symptoms result in the optimum use of the potential capacity of medical centers and a decrease in the rate of bed shortage in the hospitals. Another insight drawn is that an efficient allocation of the suspect and definite cases to the nearest screening and care centers makes it possible to prevent the disease carriers from commuting within the community and increase the coronavirus transmission rate.

Resilient Nurses in the COVID-19 Compared to non-COVID-19 Wards.

INTRODUCTION: Owing to daily exposure to high job stress, nurses need to use coping techniques. One of the coping strategies helping a person to cope with stressful situations effectively is resiliency skills. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the factors related to nurses' resiliency during COVID-19 epidemic. METHODS: The present study was cross-sectional and assessed the resiliency of 288 nurses working in the COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 wards was investigated. 25 items Connor & Davidson Resilience Questionnaire which scores the items between zero (completely incorrect) and five (always correct was used) was used for this end. This study was conducted in 2021 in four referral hospitals at Shiraz. In this study, nurses working in the COVID-19 care wards were selected as the study group and nurses in non-COVID-19 wards were selected as the control group. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 32. The average resilience score in the in the participants worked in COVID-19 wards was 95.30 for men and 87.72 for women, and in the non-COVID-19 wards was 85.82 for men and 88.48 for women. Factors affecting resilience included age, job status, gender and job expectancy. The results of the present study showed that the mean resiliency scores of nurses working in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 wards did not show a statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: In this study Resiliency of nurses working in COVID-19 wards were not significantly differed from nurses of non-COVID-19 ones. This result should be further investigated and elaborated. With job planning regarding the employment and employment of nurses, considering their job expectation, gender, age and job status, we can be better prepared for future health system pandemics.

ICU mortality across pre-pandemic and pandemic cohorts in a resource-limited setting: A critical care resiliency analysis from South Africa

Background Hospital adaptation and resiliency, required during public health emergencies to optimize outcomes, are understudied especially in resource-limited settings. Research Question Measure pre-pandemic and pandemic critical illness outcomes in a resource-limited setting and in the context of capacity strain. Study Design and Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study among patients admitted to ICUs at two public hospitals in the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health in South Africa preceding and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2017-2022). We used multivariable logistic regression to analyze the association between three patient cohorts (pre-pandemic non-COVID-19, pandemic non-COVID-19, and pandemic COVID-19) and ICU capacity strain and the primary outcome of ICU mortality. Results 3,221 patients were admitted to the ICU during the pre-pandemic period and 2,539 patients were admitted to the ICU during the pandemic period (375 [14.8%] with COVID-19 and 2,164 [85.2%] without COVID-19). The pre-pandemic and pandemic non-COVID-19 cohorts were similar. Compared to the non-COVID-19 cohorts, the pandemic COVID-19 cohort had older age, higher rates of chronic cardiovascular disease and diabetes, less extra-pulmonary organ dysfunction, and longer ICU length of stay. Compared to the pre-pandemic non-COVID-19 cohort, the pandemic non-COVID-19 cohort had similar odds of ICU mortality (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.90-1.25, p = 0.50) while the pandemic COVID-19 cohort had significantly increased odds of ICU mortality (OR 3.91, 95% CI 3.03-5.05 p < 0.0005). ICU occupancy was not associated with ICU mortality in either the COVID-19 cohort (OR 1.05 per 10% change in ICU occupancy, 95% CI 0.96-1.14, p = 0.27) or the pooled non-COVID-19 cohort (OR 1.01 per 10% change in ICU occupancy, 95% CI 0.98-1.03, p = 0.52). Interpretation Pre-pandemic and pandemic non-COVID-19 ICU patients were broadly similar in clinical characteristics and outcomes, suggesting critical care resiliency, while pandemic COVID-19 ICU patients had important clinical differences and had significantly higher mortality.

Living through a Global Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study on the Psychological Resilience of the University Population in Iran.

AIMS: This study aimed to describe and understand the individual and social dimensions of resiliency among Iranian academics as professionals during the early wave of the ongoing pandemic. Furthermore, we aimed to emphasize the cultural context in our analysis. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey design was adopted. We used convenient sampling, administered through an online survey, among academics at Iranian universities (n = 196, 75% women). We employed the CD-RISC 2 instrument, items on life meaning, and a modified version of Pargament's RCOPE instrument (Meaning, Control, Comfort/Spirituality, Intimacy/Spirituality, and Life Transformation). RESULTS: The results revealed a strong level of resilience among men (M = 5.78) and women (M = 5.52). Self-rated health was rated as excellent, very good, or good among a majority (92%) of the participants, more so among men. Family was one of the factors that most strongly gave life meaning, followed by friends, work/school, and religion/spirituality. There was a strong correlation between self-rated health and life as part of a greater whole, being alone, and listening to the sounds of the surrounding nature. CONCLUSIONS: Both personal and social levels of resilience and meaning-making are seen in the results, with an ability to balance between obstacles and resources. Cultural practices are interdependent, which also include the individual and social dimensions of resiliency and meaning-making.

Sustainable and Resilient Planning, Developed Housing Models for Istanbul

This study presents an updated research on the housing planning of Istanbul in the context of sustainability and resiliency as well as the searching innovative models. Due to increasing awareness since the late twentieth century consequently, Climate-change responsive design and planning, sustainability and resiliency became the new design phenomena in housing planning in the world. However, this awareness process needed a much longer period for Istanbul, Turkey, and this was possible with Covid-19. As a driver, first the climate-change and later Covid-19 now radically altered the design and planning ideologies and doctrines that would mitigate the effects of global warming. In this discursive transition period, the environment and climate-friendly design have initiated searching for new housing models considering sustainability, resiliency and green architecture as new planning criteria, especially after the Covid-19 that led to changing lifestyles as well as the working conditions. This paradigm shift has emerged the need for a consensus of interdisciplinary approach that emphasized sustainable and resilience science in architectural design and urban planning. In this context, the overall design discourses have also been updated since Climate-change has become a central focus characteristic of cities. Due to environmental and climate concerns, especially after the Covid-19 housing models have started to evolve into the new, and innovative models from the traditional models. Also, this design discourse aimed that the potential reuse of old housing models with the recent come-back presented new, innovative and sustainable housing models that will be developed in future. This study focused on envisioning the new and innovative housing models and typologies in the context of sustainability and resiliency in the world as well as the models were transferred from the other countries to Istanbul city. Due to changing demand for housing models especially after the pandemic a new plan was initiated by private contractors who intend to produce sustainable friendly projects soon with more green areas to meet people's new requirements. It was revealed that sustainable and resilient designs in the world are closely followed in Istanbul, and although the Climate-change issues have not created expected awareness in Istanbul so far, however, future developments for the city were more promising, especially in the post-Covid-19 period, the radical changes were seen regulations and housing models with more low storeys and more green areas. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Impacts of the COVID-19 response on the governmental public health workforce

The governmental public health workforce provides essential public health services to communities from public health agencies operations at the local, state, and federal levels of government. The roles and duties of public health workers range from infectious disease tracking and control to healthy eating promotion to checking food service establishments for safety. Unfortunately, most of the time, the general public is unaware of, and unconcerned with, public health's primary mission of disease prevention. This behind-thescenes, service-oriented workforce has responded to the COVID-19 pandemic by working long hours, extra days, and ever-changing job roles, all while becoming targets of political attacks and enduring substantially elevated psychological distress and burnout. Though this workforce is not well enumerated, existing studies indicate that public health workers face higher anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and burnout than other frontline healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic response. Several strategies have been suggested to address these vulnerabilities, including increasing the amount and stability of available funding, implementing organizational-level policies and programming to boost resilience, and providing individual-level social support, both instrumental and emotional, to protect against burnout and other psychological distresses. © 2023 The authors.

Africa's Strategic Pivots: From China's Rise to Tradeoff Between Battling Covid-19 and Violent Extremism

Spurred by the expansive shared prosperity of its Belt and Road Initiative, China was winning the economic component of its Great Power Competition with the United States in Africa. Then Covid-19 spread to Africa in February 2020. By spring Africa's honeymoon with China was over. China's Covid-19 related discrimination against Africa as well as disruption in both the supply chain and the Belt and Road Initiative weakened bilateral ties. While nobody expects China to lose its place as Africa's biggest bilateral lending and trading partner, Sino-African ties are strained. Not surprisingly, Africa turned inward and focused on its fight against the invisible Covid-19 enemy. But Africa soon found itself in a new tradeoff between battling Covid-19 and violent extremism. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022.

Mental health in rural america during COVID-19 and beyond

COVID-19 has had remarkable impacts in rural America. Although the onset of the pandemic was in urban areas, it quickly spread to rural areas and ultimately resulted in higher mortality rates for rural populations. Due to this and other associated impacts, the pandemic has resulted in mental health issues across rural America. In this chapter, the authors first describe the state of rural America pre-pandemic, then detail the overall and mental health impacts of the pandemic on rural people. Following this, the authors report results of a case study on COVID-19 in the rural America West and conclude with recommended steps for addressing the unfolding crisis. Many of the steps the authors can take to improve rural mental health following the pandemic have long-been necessary. However, given the impacts of COVID-19, they are now needed more than ever. © 2023 The authors.

Quoi qu'il en coûte : un conditionnement incertain des aides publiques ?

Le versement massif d'aides publiques par les États membres pour venir au secours de l'économie affectée par cette crise sanitaire sans précédent, s'effectue dans un cadre qui peut apparaître très permissif. L'observateur peu averti pouvant avoir le sentiment que la Commission autorise toutes les aides sans conditions et sans lignes claires. Un examen plus attentif doit toutefois conduire à une conclusion bien différente car si la Commission utilise son pouvoir de contrôle pour sauver des pans entiers de l'économie européenne, elle instrumentalise aussi ce pouvoir d'autorisation pour d'autres finalités : la résilience de notre modèle social et la mutation de notre économie pour l'adapter aux impératifs du XXIe siècle.Alternate : The massive disbursement of public aid by Member States to come to the aid of the economy affected by this unprecedented health crisis is taking place within a framework that may appear very permissive. The uninformed observer may feel that the Commission is authorizing all aid without conditions and without clear lines. A closer examination should however lead to a very different conclusion because if the Commission uses its power of control to save whole sections of the European economy, it also exploits this power of authorization for other purposes: the resilience of our social model and the transformation of our economy to adapt it to the imperatives of the 21st century.